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Chicago Citation Style

The Chicago Manual of Style is widely used in history, arts, and some social sciences. The current version is Chicago 17th edition, which offers two documentation systems: notes-bibliography and author-date.

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Chicago 17th Edition Format (Notes-Bibliography)

The notes-bibliography system uses footnotes or endnotes with a corresponding bibliography. Here's how to format different types of sources:

Journal Article

Note: Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page range.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page range.

Example (Note): John D. Smith, "Effects of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems," Journal of Marine Biology 45, no. 2 (2020): 112-28.

Example (Bibliography): Smith, John D. "Effects of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems." Journal of Marine Biology 45, no. 2 (2020): 112-28.

Book

Note: Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page number.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example (Note): Michael T. Brown, Introduction to Research Methods (New York: Academic Press, 2019), 45.

Example (Bibliography): Brown, Michael T. Introduction to Research Methods. New York: Academic Press, 2019.

Website

Note: Author's First Name Last Name or Organization, "Title of Page," Site Name, Publication date, URL.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name or Organization. "Title of Page." Site Name. Publication date. URL.

Example (Note): World Health Organization, "COVID-19 Vaccines," WHO, May 10, 2021, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines.

Example (Bibliography): World Health Organization. "COVID-19 Vaccines." WHO. May 10, 2021. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines.

Key Features of Chicago Style

  • Offers two documentation systems
  • Notes-bibliography system uses footnotes/endnotes
  • Author-date system uses parenthetical citations
  • Requires a bibliography or reference list
  • Uses headline-style capitalization for titles
  • Includes publication place for books
  • Provides detailed publication information

Chicago Author-Date System

The author-date system uses parenthetical citations that include the author's last name and the year of publication.

In-Text Citation

Climate change has significant effects on marine ecosystems (Smith 2020, 114).

According to Smith (2020, 114), climate change has significant effects on marine ecosystems.

Reference List Entry

Smith, John D. 2020. "Effects of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems." Journal of Marine Biology 45 (2): 112-28.

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