Harvard Citation Style
Harvard style is widely used in the humanities and social sciences. Unlike other citation styles, Harvard is not associated with a specific manual but is a generic author-date style.
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Harvard style requires specific formatting for in-text citations and reference lists. Here's how to format different types of sources:
Journal Article
Author's Last Name, Initials. Year, 'Title of article', Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Issue, pp. Page range.
Example: Smith, J.D. 2020, 'Effects of climate change on marine ecosystems', Journal of Marine Biology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 112-128.
Book
Author's Last Name, Initials. Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example: Brown, M.T. 2019, Introduction to research methods, Academic Press, New York.
Website
Author's Last Name, Initials. or Organization Year, Title of page, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.
Example: World Health Organization 2021, COVID-19 vaccines, viewed 15 June 2021, <https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines>.
Key Features of Harvard Style
- Uses author-date citation system
- Requires a reference list at the end of the paper
- Uses single quotation marks for article titles
- Includes publisher location for books
- Uses 'viewed' date for online sources
- Abbreviates author's first names to initials
- Uses lowercase for article titles
In-Text Citations
Harvard style uses parenthetical citations that include the author's last name and the year of publication.
Narrative Citation
According to Smith (2020), climate change has significant effects on marine ecosystems.
Parenthetical Citation
Climate change has significant effects on marine ecosystems (Smith 2020, p. 114).
Multiple Authors
Two authors: (Smith & Johnson 2020)
Three or more authors: (Smith et al. 2020)
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